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Scholarship on the social determinants of health and disease has become firmly established over the past several decades.

The United States described a four-pronged strategy to accelerate the eradication of polio globally at the WHO Executive Board session on poliomyelitis on Thursday.

No. 1: Halt circulation in Afghanistan, Pakistan

The first action, the U.S. representative said, would be the intensification of efforts to halt the circulation of the wild poliovirus in Afghanistan and Pakistan by the end of December 2024. Synchronised campaigns across borders would be imperative, with the representative noting, “Decisive action now can pave the way for a polio-free future.”

No. 2: Surveillance, campaigns, community engagement

The second action would be closing surveillance gaps, conducting high-quality campaigns and community engagement in the African region, where there continues to be persistent variant polioviruses.

“These are not just strategies; they are indispensable keys to our success in eradicating polio globally,” the representative said.

World Trade Organization negotiators have identified several “concepts” that could be the basis for a “viable solution” to the question of what the appeals stage of the dispute settlement system will look like, the facilitator of the reform talks said on Friday, adding that a deal on that issue is possible before the 13th ministerial in one month -- if members work with enough “determination.”

The WTO Appellate Body has been largely defunct since December 2017, as the U.S. has maintained a block on filling vacancies on the body across two administrations, leaving more than 30 appealed disputes in limbo. The fracture of the dispute settlement system sparked a reform effort, which has produced a draft text that identifies a number of procedural and operational improvements to the system, although it does not yet include any outline of a new or reformed appeals stage.

1. Suman Majumdar

   Brendan Crabb

2. Emma Pakula

   Stuart Turville

Since it was detected in August 2023, the JN.1 variant of COVID has spread widely. It has become dominant in Australia and around the world, driving the biggest COVID wave seen in many jurisdictions for at least the past year.

In a significant decision this week, the WHO Executive Board has set in motion the process to help WHO raise resources through an “Investment Round” later in 2024. This is even as other detailed measures are being put in place for greater transparency and accountability to not only ensure how WHO manages and spends its money, but also how it uses its resources to set priorities. Member states are taking active and serious interest in reforming the way WHO conducts its business. But some stakeholders are also wary whether efficiency in spending could be used as a political tool to tightly circumscribe what WHO can and cannot do.

There is a global lack of preparedness and reactive responses when confronted with emerging epidemic threats, a concerning lack of investment in the R&D vaccine and therapeutics pipeline, and signs of waning focus on pandemic preparedness, according to a new report by the International Pandemic Preparedness Secretariat (IPPS).

By Nirmalya Syam and Muhammad Zaheer Abbas, PhD

On December 22, 2023, the U.S. Health and Human Services Department Office for Global Affairs requested comments “on the Implications of Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) Commitments/Regimes and Other Proposed Commitments Being Considered Under a WHO Convention, Agreement or Other International Instrument on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response.”

See comments submitted by Public Citizen and civil society below:

There is a global lack of preparedness and reactive responses when confronted with emerging epidemic threats, a concerning lack of investment in the R&D vaccine and therapeutics pipeline, and signs of waning focus on pandemic preparedness, according to a new report by the International Pandemic Preparedness Secretariat (IPPS).

… As an international medical humanitarian organisation that provides medical care to people during crises, Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF) has responded to many infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics over the last 50 years. These experiences have shown that timely, equitable and affordable access to medical products such as medicines, vaccines and diagnostic tests is crucial for an effective response to health emergencies. Based on our experiences, we believe that governments must take the following steps to ensure that the global pandemic accord safeguards access to medical products. … [1. Prioritise global equitable access and medical humanitarian needs in international stockpiling and allocation efforts; 2. Address intellectual property challenges for the protection of the right to health and access to medicines; 3. Ensure medical products that benefit from public contributions are accessible to people who need them; 4. Safeguard transparency, accountability and the public’s right to information by restricting confidentiality and trade secrets; 5.