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Climate change threatens India's 378 million women of childbearing age with anemia due to rising temperatures and declining crop nutrients.

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A 2017 Harvard study published in GeoHealth journal that analyzed diets from 152 countries found that wheat, rice, barley, maize, and legumes have lower iron concentrations of 4%-10% when grown under increased carbon dioxide concentration. This puts 57% of children under age 5 — a staggering 354 million —- and 1.06 billion women of childbearing age, at risk of anemia.

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Governments worldwide are pushing farmers to adopt genetically modified hybrid varieties to combat food insecurity and feed the rapidly growing population. These varieties are easy to grow and have a higher yield than native ones, but they require intensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the overuse of which impacts the soil and its nutrients, leading to a decline in essential nutrients in the crops.

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The Zero Draft of the Global Digital Compact (GDC) to be adopted at the Summit of the Future is crucial to international digital cooperation under a transformative vision of global digital governance. It should identify the means for achieving equitable participation, sustainable development, gender equality, increased local capacity, public ownership of core digital infrastructure and address the concentration of power in the digital economy. This SouthViews considers some of the shortcomings of the draft GDC, particularly in attaining equitable international data governance and democratic participation in a digital multistakeholder scenario to avoid data monopolies and ensure inclusive policy-making processes, while recentering the objectives of Internet governance for inclusive and development-oriented information societies.

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the failure of voluntary mechanisms during global emergencies and exemplifies the need for effective involuntary technology transfer tools. The WHO Pandemic Accord offers an opportunity to provide an effective mechanism to build upon existing TRIPS flexibilities in the specific pandemic context. We propose a new provision (Article 11 bis ) that outlines a mechanism on cross-border procedure of non-voluntary technology transfer during a pandemic. This procedure could be invoked in a pandemic scenario in which voluntary technology transfer mechanisms have failed to provide sufficient supplies of a needed pandemic product.

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The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the failure of voluntary mechanisms during global emergencies and exemplifies the need for effective involuntary technology transfer tools. The WHO Pandemic Accord offers an opportunity to provide an effective mechanism to build upon existing TRIPS flexibilities in the specific pandemic context. We propose a new provision (Article 11bis) that outlines a mechanism on cross-border procedure of non-voluntary technology transfer during a pandemic. This procedure could be invoked in a pandemic scenario in which voluntary technology transfer mechanisms have failed to provide sufficient supplies of a needed pandemic product.

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An independent panel released its much-awaited report on Monday about the UN relief agency for Palestine refugees (UNRWA), providing 50 recommendations and noting that Israeli authorities have yet to provide proof of their claims that UN staff are involved with terrorist organisations.

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The penultimate meeting of a World Health Organization (WHO) working group to amend the International Health Regulations (IHR) began in Geneva on Monday amid stakeholder praise and criticism for the latest 64-page draft.

The IHR are legally binding and sets out countries’ rights and obligations in handling public health events and emergencies that have the potential to cross borders. But they were found lacking during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Working Group on Amendments to the IHR (WGIHR) has been considering over 300 amendments over the past two years.

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This negotiation is taking place at the World Health Organization (WHO), but it is useful to reflect on negotiations that have taken place at the World Trade Organization (WTO), where delayed outcomes were disappointing outcomes. In the negotiations over the 2001 Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, paragraph 6 of that agreement concerned one of the most contentious topics, a restriction in the TRIPS on the exports of products manufactured under a compulsory license. That export restriction undermines the ability to benefit from economies of scale and comparative advantage, is clearly protectionist and designed to reduce the utility of compulsory licenses, has a negative impact on both exporters and importers, and has a particularly harmful impact on countries with smaller market (something noted by the WTO in DS114): 6. We recognize that WTO members with insufficient or no manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector could face difficulties in making effective use of compulsory licensing under the TRIPS Agreement. We instructed the Council for TRIPS to find an expeditious solution to this problem and to report to the General Council before the end of 2002.

Earlier this week the Bureau of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body released the latest draft of the Pandemic Agreement due for consideration at a resumed meeting beginning April 29^th that will see marathon negotiations with an aim to conclude this process by May 10^th.

The text is not markedly different from a previous version on which we reported on April 16th but there are certain changes – these we discuss below. The latest version has not been officially published by the INB yet.

What is also on the table is a draft resolution text that lays out the link between the main agreement and processes that would follow the adoption of the text at the Assembly including setting up of Intergovernmental Working Groups for certain provisions, immediate tasks for the WHO Director-General to follow through.  

A draft version of the proposed negotiating text for a Pandemic Agreement, currently being discussed internally, has no reference to a dedicated fund that would help implementation of new obligations on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response. Such a pooled fund previously articulated in a prior text was also meant to help finance existing obligations under the International Health Regulations.

The draft version of a proposed new text from the Bureau of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body, also merges the provision on technology transfer with the article on sustainable production; and it merges parts of the language on compensation and liability management with the provision on supply chain and procurement.

And importantly, it presents a streamlined version on the Pathogens Access and Benefits Sharing provision with effectively no binding provisions on benefits, and kicks the can down the road, with modalities to be finalised two years in May 2026.

While the next draft of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) pandemic agreement is due to be sent to member states by Thursday (18 April), it is likely to be stripped of contentious clauses.

Instead, the draft – and indeed, the pandemic agreement to be put to the World Health Assembly (WHA) at the end of  May – will be an “instrument of essentials”; a basic text that will be fleshed out by further talks in the next couple of years, as reported recently by Health Policy Watch.

After the WHA has adopted the framework, more details will be fleshed out over the next 12 to 24 months. Thereafter, a  Conference of Parties has been proposed, but sources close to the discussions say this is only likely to convene in the latter half of 2026 – so fingers crossed that there’s no pandemic before that!